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and (mathbbm {1}[cdot ]) is an indicator function taking value 1 if its argument is true and 0 otherwise.
Let Y be the binary outcome variable, taking value 1 if a subject is a case and value 0 otherwise.
This dichotomous variable was measured by taking value 1 if the respondent reply affirmatively to the question, "Are you, alone or with others, expecting to start a new business, including any type of self-employment, within the next three years?", and 0 otherwise.
The significance level of an observed D (H) can be estimated using permutation testing, where the assignment of vertices' property values are randomly shuffled while the the total number of vertices taking value 1, i.e. n1, is fixed.
For each girl born between November 16th 1991 and December 31st 1992, this variable was an indicator taking value 1 in the period from November 1st 2007 to the sixteenth birthday of the girl and value 0 at other times.
Given reference genotype with baseline risk termed β0, each OR βi (i = 1... n) was estimated by the maximization of the log likelihood (L): ln(L) = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 +... + β n X n Where Xi is an indicator taking value 1 for genotype 'i' and 0 for the other genotypes, and βi = log ORi, with β0 being the baseline risk for reference genotype.
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Mode: takes value 1 if metro and 0 if bus.
r2002 Dummy variable that takes value 1 if the year of the observation is greater than 2001.
where takes value 1 if and 0 otherwise, being a threshold that depends on the rate.
It takes value 1 if total liabilities exceed total assets, 0 otherwise.
If the neighbor is higher, it takes value 1; otherwise it takes value 0. Finally, the thresholded neighbor pixel values are concatenated and considered as a binary number that becomes the label for the central pixel.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com