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We remark that the expected value of ln(1/ p k ) (for a variable taking on value x k with probability p k ) equals the entropy of that random variable, a central notion in information theory.
The first two indicated the reimbursement regime, with the Compulsory insurance as the reference category and the two other regimes (Supplementary insurance strict and flexible) as time varying indicators taking on value 1 in periods when the regime was in place and value 0 otherwise.
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Let R be a random variable taking on values in {0,1,2,…} with probability density { p0, p1, p2,…}.
Why does an everyday object as depicted by Jasper Johns or Andy Warhol take on value when exhibited in a museum?
Let $f_{A,s}(o)$ be a function that takes on value 1 if $o$ results from performing $A$ in state s, and value 0 otherwise.
Here, W njk denotes the weight between visible unit n that takes on value k and hidden topic j; b j is the bias of hidden topic j, and a nk is the bias of visible unit n that takes on value k. σ(x)=1/(1+ exp(−x)) is the logistic function.
For the other girls in the analysis, the indicator took on value 0 over the whole period of analysis.
This variable takes on value R t = βrew if a reward was obtained and R t = − βpun if a punishment was obtained.
These symbols take on values from a predefined constellation set.
Let us consider a demand with 40%% variability; it takes on values in the range [80,190] and has a nominal value of 135.
The dependent value takes on values of −1 (multiple job leavers), 0 (single and multiple job stayers), and +1 (multiple job joiners).
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