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As for the confirmation of the confounding variables, we used the variation between crude PR and Mantel-Haenszel's adjusted PR, taking as a selection criterion variation ≥20%.
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I took as a source for my selection process a database that reflects the decisions of the EU directives and the Transnational Accounting (TRANSACC) editors to describe important recognition and valuation rules.
However, the observation of Rr > Rc should not be taken as "classical" positive selection in this instance and not merely because the statistical evidence for rejecting Rr = Rc is lacking.
This latter figure should be cautiously taken as a patient selection bias may have occurred.
He was due to have further discussions with Lendl, the rest of his own team and the Great Britain captain, Leon Smith, before making a final decision – which he could take as late as an hour before the selections have to be finalised on Thursday afternoon, according to a spokesperson for the Lawn Tennis Association.
Dr. Pritchard's test measures the difference in DNA diversity between those who carry a new gene and those who do not, and a significantly lesser diversity is taken as a sign of selection.
The mean dN/dS ratio of individual genes encoding a given protein complex was taken as a measure of selection associated with the protein complex.
Non-response and the levels of non-response have often been taken as an indicator of selection bias.
As effective dose has only been defined for normal-sized patients, the average patient in the Netherlands [10] with a margin ± 15%% was taken as a basis for patient selection.
There, the leading eigenvalue of the appropriate Jacobian (Bürger and Akerman 2011) is taken as a proxy for the selection coefficient and inserted into Kimura's (1962) formula for the one-locus invasion probability in a panmictic population.
However, these arguments only entail that natural selection cannot operate in cultural transmission if genetic replication is taken as a necessary condition for natural selection.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com