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Some of the most affected genes were associated with phagocytosis — the process by which immune cells take up extracellular material for clearance and degradation.
Bakary Diallo, rector of the African Virtual University, based in Nairobi, said that when his institution began in 1997 "we hoped that African countries would take up our material".
However, immature PDC efficiently take up cellular material from live influenza-exposed cells, subsequently mature and cross-present viral antigens very efficiently to specific CD8+ T cells.
We then evaluated the ability of PDC to take up cellular material from apoptotic, necrotic, opsonized and non-treated cells, in comparison to MoDC.
In many bacteria and archaea, these hypervariable loci take up genetic material from invasive elements and build up inheritable DNA-encoded immunity over time by targeting virus or plasmid nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner [36].
According to previous work[45], PDC did not take up cellular material from live, apoptotic, or necrotic B cells even though they expressed CD36 and low levels of αvβ5, two receptors involved in the capture of dying cells.
We cannot rule out the possibility that other APC subsets such as CD11b+ CD4+ splenic DCs or marginal zone macrophages, can take up cellular material from antigen-loaded BM-DCs for presentation of α-GalCer.
Figure 4E shows that in the presence of CpG A (2336), the capacity of GEN3 cells to take up cellular material from flu-B cells was inhibited, i.e. the percentage of PKH26pos GEN3 decreased from 45% (for immature GEN3) to less than 10% (for mature GEN3).
Most free-living mycobacteria are naturally competent, that is, they can take up genetic material from the environment and recombine it into their chromosome [ 63].
