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Anuran tadpoles have proved to be a useful model organism for studying inducible defenses as they commonly exhibit inducible morphological changes, such as increased tail depth, in the presence of a threat from predators [9], [10].
Rana pirica tadpoles show morphological changes in response to a predation threat: larvae of the dragonfly Aeshna nigroflava induce heightened tail depth, whereas larval salamander Hynobius retardatus induce a bulgy morphology with heightened tail depth.
Tadpoles with a heightened tail depth phenotype show higher survival rates when dragonfly larvae are present [ 16, 17].
Anuran tadpoles exhibit a range of inducible morphological changes, such as heightened tail depth, in the presence of a threat by various types of pond dwelling predator such as dragonfly larvae [ 13- 15].
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In our study, however, increased tail fin depth did not translate into a better swimming performance.
Larger inserts would proportionally increase the span of the depth tails flanking the coding regions, thus capturing spacer/intronic regions with greater coverage.
These coverage spikes are also generally accompanied by tails of decreasing depth on either side, usually around 150 400 bp in length, roughly corresponding to the insert sizes of the libraries sequenced.
Predicted patterns of morphological variation for independent GDM analysis of: (A) wing length; (B) bill depth; (C) tail length; (D) tarsus length.
Variation in four traits (tarsus, wing and tail length, and bill depth) was well explained by environmental variables on both the western and eastern side of the Andes (Table 2).
Conrad's Heart of Darkness takes its readers on a hellish voyage up "a mighty big river... resembling an immense snake uncoiled... its tail lost in the depths of the land", but it begins opposite Gravesend in Kent, as Marlowe and his transfixed listeners wait on the Nellie, a cruising yawl, for the ebbing tide.
However, Mn is particularly enriched in the uppermost 100 μm or so, and the density of Mn-bearing particles tails-off precipitously with depth from the rock surface (Fig. 8a).
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