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With the definition a t = a 1 t, a 2 t, …, a m t, the above equation can be written as χ t = a t · u and this means that for linear systems the response can be stated as the product of two vectors which one of them is deterministic time variant and the other is random time invariant, if the excitation is stated as the product of two vectors like Eq. 1.
In both terrestrial and aquatic systems, the response of organisms to heterogeneity in a landscape varies across spatial scales [11] [13].
In these systems, the response regulator often acts as a transcriptional regulator.
In most biological systems, the response to dose is logarithmic, as it is for GH [ 28].
While programmes could be designed to change behaviour of people through introducing new knowledge, skills, or ideas, we see that in complex adaptive systems, the response of the people and the systems is neither straightforward nor easily predictable.
In mammalian systems, the response to ER stress involves four major steps: (1) attenuation of protein synthesis; (2) transcriptional induction of UPR target genes, including chaperones and foldases; (3) transcriptional induction of ERAD components, and in case these three steps are not sufficient, (4) induction of apoptosis (reviewed in Yoshida 2007).
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For Sisi, who rose as a creature of the system, the response to the Metrojet crisis was essentially to step back and allow the government to follow its instinctive course of defensiveness, denial, and inflexibility.
In the receiver system, the response system is assumed to be the partly uncertain system (11) where the available outputs variables are (y_{1}) and (z_{1}).
The drive system and the response system are defined as follows: (2) (3).
In the real environment, there are always some time delays between the drive system and the response system.
Thus considering time delays between the drive system and the response system in the process of synchronization is of great practical significance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com