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Toluene is a systemic toxicant that affects liver, kidney, and the central nervous system [ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2000], the last being considered the main target organ (Byrne et al. 1991).
An example of a systemic toxicant is methanol, which is absorbed and biotransformed into formic acid.
The time it takes for a systemic toxicant to act depends on many factors, such as the rates of absorption, biotransformation, distribution, and excretion, as well as the speed of action at the target site.
Lead (Pb2+) is a naturally occurring systemic toxicant heavy metal that affects several organs in the body including the kidneys, liver, and central nervous system.
Print workers are exposed to organic solvents, of which the systemic toxicant toluene is a main component.
Lead as a systemic toxicant is a neurotoxin that has been linked to visual deterioration, central and peripheral nervous system disorders, [ 86] renal dysfunction [ 87], and hypertensive cardiovascular disease [ 88].
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The picture was generally less certain and more problematic for the HAPs, which include a diverse mix of carcinogens and systemic toxicants.
Were parallel reference toxicant toxicity test conducted?
One could, for example, introduce an intervention (e.g., respirators) and use the PBTK model to quantify the efficacy of the intervention for reducing systemic levels of the toxicant.
These results suggest that oral exposure to highly chlorinated PCBs disrupts intestinal epithelial integrity and may directly contribute to the systemic effects of these toxicants.
Thus, our study indicates that oral exposure to coplanar or non-coplanar PCBs present a significant risk to intestinal epithelial integrity and may directly contribute to the systemic effects of these toxicants.
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