There are many causes and factors leading to dry eye, including aging, female gender, connective tissue diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, systemic hypertension, contact lens usage, drugs like antihistamines, anticholinergics, antidepressants, oral contraceptives and topical eye drops containing preservatives and ocular diseases like blepharitis, chronic conjunctivitis, meibomitis and pterygium [ 3– 5].
Among the recognized risk factors for DEDs are aging, being female, smoking, the use of topical or systemic medications, contact lenses wearing, laser excimer refractive surgery, weather conditions, environmental pollutants, air conditioning, hormone disorders, immune system diseases, and the use of video display terminals [ 6].
The exclusion criteria were: history of any intraocular or corneal surgery; contact lens wear; systemic diseases such diabetes mellitus; intraocular pressure (IOP) of 20 mmHg or more; corneal anomalies; spherical refraction of 4.00 diopters (D) or more; or cylindrical refraction of 2.00 D or more [ 10].
Diabetes may be associated with PACG via systemic autonomic dysfunction or increased lens thickness as a result of sorbitol overload (79, 80).
Predisposing conditions include immunodeficiency, use of contact lenses, topical or systemic corticosteroids, trauma, and exposure to contaminated water.
The only answer to such systemic issues is through a wider lens on the problem.
Uveitis is a frequent ophthalmic disorder in domestic cats commonly associated with perforating or blunt traumas, systemic diseases, neoplasia, intraocular surgery, and lens-induced uveitis [ 1].
In the second stage, we obtained a detailed history of systemic disease, systemic therapy, ocular trauma, contact lens usage, and eye disease diagnosis and treatment.
This comparative case study examines how patients and providers respond in this system and cope with its systemic demands through mechanisms of endurance, resistance and resilience, using coping and agency literatures as the theoretical lenses.
Processes of designing for systemic innovation for sustainable development (SD) through the lens of three long-term case studies are reported.
