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To test the involvement of VEGF165 in hypoxia-induced LV dilatation, normoxic chick embryos received a daily systemic dose of rhVEGF165 (R&D Systems, 50 or 100 ng/day) between E10 and E19.
The role of systemic dose in late-occurring toxicity due to change in physiological and biochemical parameters with age is also discussed.
Determining systemic dose in toxicology studies will increase the understanding of potential mode of action (MOA) reducing the use of animals by avoiding unnecessary additional MOA studies.
Such studies also elucidate biological processes that may be saturated above certain dose levels resulting in nonproportional distribution of the systemic dose.
These results suggest that a systemic dose of hydrocodone/acetaminophen has little impact on healthy pulp or mucosa sensitivity in women as measured by common diagnostic tests.
On the other hand, estimation of the systemic dose in toxicological studies for nonpharmaceuticals, like plant protection products (PPPs), is relatively rare.
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The ability to achieve high, local concentrations of drugs or image contrast agents at a target site provides the opportunity for improved system performance and patient outcomes along with reduced systemic dosing.
This is particularly relevant given the current availability of low-dose long-acting progestogen only contraceptive such as the levonorgestrel-releasing intra-uterine system (Mirena) which delivers high local but low systemic doses of progestogen and offer highly effective contraception.
Although some ingredients in PTMC products might cause adverse reproductive effects at high systemic doses, these doses are hundreds to thousands fold greater than those systemically available from topical use at the recommended maximum dose (i.e. 10 g/day).
Food application results in much larger systemic doses than application as personal care products for most natural ingredients considered here.
To counteract resistance, which lowers the efficiency of cisplatin significantly, very high systemic doses of cisplatin are administered.
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