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Second, to avoid systemic biases of the individual array chips, a percentile shift was implemented to adjust all spot intensities.
However, the microdissection of cells in fixed tissues is associated with higher levels of RNA degradation and the amplification of partially degraded RNA provokes potential systemic biases of gene expression [ 46, 47].
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The Bland-Altman analysis revealed no systemic bias of the GLS between intra- and interobserver agreements [ 18].
Several diagnostic plots including histogram and scatter plots of probe intensities in the arrays were used to check systemic bias of microarray experiments, such as high level of background intensity, signal saturation, and inter- and intra-group variation of the arrays.
Although a significant elevation in CLI was found in aneuploid tumours this is likely to represent the systemic bias of the calculation methods, with no difference being seen between aneuploid and diploid tumours when BrdUrd labelling was measured with-out reference to the nuclei DNA content.
After the leading organisation for UK film directors blamed "unconcious, systemic bias" for the lack of women in directing and screenwriting roles, we asked readers to share their experiences.
For many years there has been a grievance culture on the left, with a habit of turning statistical inferences into allegations of systemic biases, and treating bad personal habits as syndromes or diseases beyond the control of moral discipline.
However, as with any technology, systemic biases affect the accuracy of sequencing data and thus the strength of conclusions that can be drawn.
This approach reveals systemic biases in the utilization of animal models that contribute to the translational gap.
For many people, it's nearly impossible to break out of the poverty cycle especially when you add in systemic biases that keep women, people of color, LGBTQ and other marginalized people from making less and having fewer opportunities.
In Ether One, systemic biases that point back out of the game world became an operating metaphor for the bewilderment of dementia and its dependence on how a person perceives the whole world.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com