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What she means is "systemic aid", the vast sums regularly transferred from government to government, or via institutions such as the World Bank.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypic systemic AID that can affect multiple organs and can also be associated with significant systemic manifestations, morbidity and early mortality [ 2].
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There have been substantial recent research efforts investigating the relationship between oral and systemic health, aided in part by the focus given the topic by the 2000 Surgeon General's report on "Oral Health in America" [ 1].
In addition to exposure assessment, we estimated systemic dose to aid risk characterization models.
These actions are short-term solutions to a systemic problem, Band-Aids for a gaping wound.
Early restoration of systemic oxygen delivery aids in the resuscitation of patients with septic shock, but in contrast to other forms of shock, microvascular perturbations persist despite optimized global hemodynamics [ 1].
But America's poor face systemic challenges beyond the aid of any single administration or programme.
These conditions call out not just for emergency aid, but systemic reform.
This is most probably a reflection of the inhibitory effect of apyrase on systemic TNF production, possibly aided by its negative effect on IL-1 β production.
However, these are just superficial band-aids on a systemic issue: the structure of the system which is basically patriarchal and starts presenting itself as a social norm," she says.
Even those who advocate change warn that innovation is not a panacea and that addressing the aid industry's systemic problems – bureaucracy, lack of accountability and inflexible funding – is still critical.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com