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Another difference is that the authors included cities with systematically missing data, which may have several implications in modelling the time series.
Yet, the multilevel methods required to achieve this are quite novel and multiple imputation is generally recommended for imputing sporadic missing values instead of systematically missing data.
An early audit of the completeness of baseline data in the first pilot site enabled us to identify systematically missing data.
In our setup, where the tilt angle is limited to ±70°, at most 94% of reciprocal space can be integrated for a system such as catalase (Glaeser et al., 1989 ▸). Examples of the effects of systematically missing data on the final density in MicroED were given in Nannenga & Gonen (2014 ▸).
For complete time series, we then fit eight models (two smoothers and four sets of df for seasonality control) in each city for lags 0 and 1, whereas we applied six models (two smoothers and three sets of df) in cities with systematically missing data for lag 1 analysis.
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Several results suggest that measured reductions in drinking water contamination are attributable to the intervention, rather than to bias: successful randomization (Table 1), infrequent and non-systematically missing data (Supplemental Tables 1 and 2), and an objective outcome measure (MPN E. coli/100 mL).
We need to systematically address missing data values, outlier detection, feature subset selection and the continuous evolution of predictions as the project unfolds, and all of this in the context of data-starvation and noisy data.
The researchers, however, had to increase their efforts to collect the meantime follow-up results in order to be able to establish the effectiveness of the intervention systematically, as missing data in trials entails a validity problem for analysing the ultimate estimate of effect.
In practice, if one method systematically provided non-negligible missing data relative to other methods, then this would probably be grounds enough to question the utility of this method.
Missing data could have biased the results if those with complete data were systematically different from those with missing data.
By "clean," we mean reviewed systematically for duplicates, errors, and missing data; by "well annotated," we mean that sufficient information is given about each variable to allow replication of the originally published results.
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