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Although a single scaling factor (E2) explains much of the variability in the data there are systematic sources of variance in the residuals (i.e., deviations of the data from the best fitting functions).
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A normalisation method was used to compensate for systematic sources of variation in gene expression measurements.
Like all microarrays, Affymetrix SNP arrays are affected by systematic sources of experimental variation.
Furthermore, there is also the possibility of systematic sources of bias in the worm.
Data sets contain both random and systematic sources of error.
In addition, all heteroskedastic error scenarios (i.e., α ν = 50, 12, 5, and 3) further incorporated systematic sources of heterogeneity whereby τ 1 = 0.8 ⋅ σ e 2 * and τ 2 = σ e 2 *, where σ e 2 * is a "fixed" reference residual variance.
Deviation from accuracy (i.e. bias) is often introduced by systematic sources of error.
Popular normalizing methods include lowess and loess smoothers to remove systematic sources of noise [ 3, 4].
No other centralized, systematic source of broad national disease-specific burden estimates was identified.
Common method bias occurs if there is a systematic source of measurement error [ 49].
The results of this systematic evaluation of different potential sources of variance in response times and stimulus durations across participants showed a number of things.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com