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We apply a range of diagnostic tests to mass spectra, allowing statistical and systematic sources of uncertainty to be assessed throughout the typical stages of a preprocessing pipeline.
Although a single scaling factor (E2) explains much of the variability in the data there are systematic sources of variance in the residuals (i.e., deviations of the data from the best fitting functions).
While typical peak powers are reduced by four to six orders of magnitude as compared to conventional NMR experiments, this power reduction corresponds only to an approximate halving of the idealized electronic ring-down in a tuned circuit; where other systematic sources of noise contribute, the recovery time advantage of noise spectroscopy may be larger or smaller.
Like all microarrays, Affymetrix SNP arrays are affected by systematic sources of experimental variation.
Furthermore, there is also the possibility of systematic sources of bias in the worm.
Using multiple imputation and simulation methods, levels of aspirin and ibuprofen use were adjusted to reflect both random and systematic sources of underascertainment of their use [38].
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A randomization plan renders any systematic source of bias that could plausibly affect treatment outcomes, as random noise.
This is a potential systematic source of error in lifetime measurements with earlier magnetic and magneto-gravitational traps.
Research on Engineering Knowledge Management (EKM) has identified challenges with the systematic source of engineering knowledge for the design process optimisation.
Overlay error has been considered as a systematic source of variation; however, it is segueing into a random error for technology nodes smaller than 45-nm.
Spatial ability is a powerful systematic source of individual differences that has been neglected in complex learning and work settings; it has also been neglected in modeling the development of expertise and creative accomplishments.
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