Political science, the systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis.
It was anticipated that guidance on development of a systematic approach to governance and decision-making in a health service would be found in policy documents, reports, government publications and research studies.
But political scientists can inform these debates through the use of field research, as well as systematic analysis on urban governance and the politics of resource distribution.
This will require diversifying the types of topics addressed in systematic reviews (particularly for governance and financial arrangements or for increasingly important topic-specific domains such as long-term care, which are relatively underserved in the current global stock) as well as ensuring relevance to LMICs (for which there are comparatively few reviews).
Various models have been developed to explain the adoption of e-government but systematic research on barriers to e-governance is lacking.
We argue that there is scope for more coordinated and systematic learning on designing effective governance, and that the latter might benefit from more openness to experimentation and learning on the part of policymakers.
The continuous improvement of diagnosis, treatment and clinical skills requires a systematic approach, described as clinical governance [ 2, 16].
Improving governance requires a systematic approach to identifying areas of weakness, devising and implementing suitable responses, monitoring results, continuing adaptation and learning to ensure progress.
Bedside falls were ascertained from incident reporting forms, completed by the ward clinical teams, the use of which was mandatory within the hospital and enforced by systematic quality assurance processes (clinical governance) used in UK hospitals.
Or perhaps what is needed instead is a new "Progressive Era" of systematic reform towards establishment of a genuine democracy and robust institutions that can cope with the vicissitudes of globalization and complex 21st century governance challenges?
Butler's answer is that habitual and systematic self-reflection and self-governance by rigid rules are the best response.
