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Systematic error between sensors was identified through evaluation of synchronized nadir overpass (SNO) observations.
To eliminate systematic error between the theoretical and experimental values, the calculations were multiplied by a calibration factor of 0.960 [31].
Upon comparison of the micropump's performance, it exhibits a systematic error between 1.4 and 3.8% of the volume and a random error between 0.38 and 9.5% of the volumen.
The systematic error between the double measurements was evaluated separately for each root length using the paired t test, and the measurement error on a single measurement was estimated by using the formula τ = SD/√2, where SD is the standard deviation of the differences between duplicated measurements.
In all groups, positive correlations were observed between fibroblast period and physiological period measured in the same subjects, and Bland-Altman statistics among all subjects show an absence of systematic error between measurements in vitro and in vivo (Figure S1).
The LoA showed very small systematic error between test-retest and interrater agreement.
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Intraobserver systematic errors between the replicate scans were described as mean differences and compared statistically with paired t tests.
This variance estimator has the advantages of not being affected by any unknown bias, i.e. systematic errors, between pairs of measurements [27].
A t test for paired samples (p < 0.05) was performed to assess the presence of systematic errors between the two observations.
Finally, in order to minimize systematic errors between the designed and actual dimensions, calibration factors for parts, holes, and thicknesses were calculated by designing proper benchmarks as well as statistical equations.
The theoretical analysis has clearly indicated that the high-rate PPP errors consist of two types: the residual systematic errors at the starting epoch, which affect high-rate PPP through the change of satellite geometry, and the time-varying systematic errors between the starting epoch and the current epoch.
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