We performed a systematic review of efficacy and safety outcomes reported in placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials of patients with UC.
Based on meta-analyses and systematic reviews, the efficacy of fiber treatment in IBS is mixed; conclusions vary based on the different types of fiber used and, in part, on the different review methods employed [66 71].
Because the systematic evaluation of efficacy, safety and mechanism of these multi-herbal formulas in mammalian models is costly and time consuming, we chose the well established nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a valuable model for studies of aging and age-related disorders [9], [10], [11], and an attractive platform for rapidly screening drug safety and efficacy [12].
Assessment of outcome reporting bias (ORB) at the outcome level across all efficacy systematic review outcomes.
Although the methods for conducting systematic reviews of efficacy are well established, there is much less guidance on how systematic reviews of adverse effects should be performed.
A recent systematic review of efficacy of epidural, subarachnoid, and intracerebroventricular opioids for cancer pain [ 21] had information on 2,402 patients in 72 uncontrolled studies reporting on efficacy.
However, although initial human studies revealed good safety and tolerability in schizophrenic patients [ 184], no other systematic assessments on efficacy have been carried out to date.
A recent systematic review of efficacy and safety of DD surgery in European patients noted that the commonest outcome measure was improvement in mean joint contracture [ 10].
To aid the design of new interventions and to optimize their efficacy, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have attempted to identify "active ingredients" of effective interventions.
In addition, a systematic review of efficacy trials of ISGs for consumers with a range of health conditions yielded some encouraging evidence that such ISGs may be effective in reducing depressive symptoms among women with breast cancer [ 22].
