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Somatic mutations from large-scale systematic cancer screens are curated in COSMIC to include studies on glioblastoma multiforme, breast, colorectal and lung cancer (6 9).
Most likely, some of the so-called "secondary" tumors are independent primary tumors which may contain either dormant cancer cells that resist systematic cancer therapy or active cancer cells which escape the killing due to that fact that their reproduction time is outside the treatment window [ 96, 97].
With great advancement in high-throughput sequencing technologies and comprehensive efforts of systematic cancer genomics projects (e.g., the Cancer Genome Atlas pan-cancer project [ 11]), studies on molecular aberrations of cancer patients have increased unprecedentedly in scale and accessibility, enabling large-scale integrative cross-cancer analysis [ 13].
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* Opportunistic or systematic cervical cancer screening Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide.
Molecular diagnostics may offer objective and systematic human cancer classification.
The reported incidence would be lower in those countries without a systematic prostate cancer screening program.
Systematic liver cancer surveillance in NZ has shown to increase the survival of people enrolled in the HBV screening programme [ 55, 56].
Before the era of antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of HIV-infected women was too short for a systematic cervical cancer screening program to demonstrate effectiveness [ 12].
We inserted a hyperlink into the electronic test result communication sent to the patients' GPs who participated in a regional, systematic breast cancer screening program.
We have initiated systematic breast cancer association studies with SNPs in the genes encoding proteins directly implicated in TGFβ signalling pathways, including the LTBP and TGFβ isoforms, ALK1, ALK5 and TGFBR2 receptors, and SMADs 1 7.
Although the lack of systematic prostate cancer screening system in Asian countries explains part of the difference, this alone cannot fully explain the lower incidence in Asian immigrants in the United States and west-European countries compared to the black and non-Hispanic white in those countries, nor the somewhat better prognosis in Asian immigrants with prostate cancer in the United States.
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