The spatial scales of the simulation system are normalized by d.
For simplicity, the masses of all particles in the system are normalized to 1. Equation 9 represents the fact that the total force consists of four forces.
In order to evaluate the methodology, GeneChip data were also normalized using both MAS5 [14] and RMA [15], slide-glass arrays with a two-color system were normalized by the LOEWSS method [16], and slide-glass arrays with a single-color system were normalized by quantile normalization [15].
The Ct values of the target genes imported by the system were normalized to the Ct values of the ubiquitin, considering the equation: ΔCt = Ct target -Ct housekeeping.
Threshold cycle (CT) values reported by the CFX96 Real-Time PCR Detection System were normalized to the reference gene and converted to relative log2-fold differences between maize lines and treatments.
Threshold cycle (CT) values reported by the CFX96 Real-Time PCR Detection System were normalized to the reference gene and converted to relative log2-fold differences between treatments for each time point.
Cells were collected 48 h after transfection, and luciferase activity was measured with a dual Luciferase reporter assay system (Promega) and was normalized against the activity of the Renilla luciferase gene.
The expression of CCND1 was measured with Maxima SYBR Green (Fermentas Inc., Burlington, ON, Canada) and the CFX96 q-RT-PCR detection system (Bio-Rad Landratories Inc). and was normalized to the β-Actin reference gene.
Because traditional reference genes, such as U6 and 5S rRNA, are degraded in serum samples, they cannot be used as an internal control in our system; thus, miRNA expression was normalized to serum volume in the present study.
Reporter gene expression was assessed 72 h after transfection using the Steady.Glo Luciferase Assay System (Promega), and luciferase activity was normalized against β-gal activity, which was measured using 2-Nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG).
