As such, integration into the market forces the poor to incur greater risk than they would under a system of subsistence only production.
In a rural community with a poor transport system where subsistence farming is the major source of income, it is expected that physical access to services may have been problematic for many, resonating findings from previous research [ 33].
Imperfect markets and information about production systems, high subsistence incomes, high variability in prices and yields, and risk-averse behavior all constitute characteristics which conservation tenders may be particularly suited to address.
The average levels of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) concentration of integrated and commercial pond systems were 0.012 ± 0.01 mg/L, whilst in subsistence system it was 0.005 ± 0.01 mg/L.
The degree of DO stratification varied significantly among culture systems: integrated culture systems showed the greatest DO stratification, and subsistence systems the least (Fig. 6).
Integrated and commercial culture systems are more prone to risk from very low DO (<1 mg/L), at around 02 00 06:00 h, than the subsistence system.
Because irrigation plays some part in the present-day agricultural economy of the Valley of Teotihuacán, it has been suggested that the Early Classic city also was based upon this subsistence system.
The new subsistence system, despite its potential for supporting increased populations, did not bring stability.
Far from clinging to livestock as temperatures fell, the Norse instead managed a successful subsistence system with "flexibility and capacity to adapt," wrote the author of the 2012 paper, Jette Arneborg from the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen.
Ultimately, this created a tightly coupled continent-wide subsistence system that was vulnerable to the weather, economic and disease shocks of the 14th century when Europe's population declined by perhaps 50%.
