But the Amendment goes on to provide that in voting for the president, the Representatives must in effect pool their votes by state, with each state having only one vote -- that is, a "winner take-all" system, state-by-state, just as 48 of the 50 states now provide for their won Electoral College votes!
"It's like having an air traffic control system state by state".
Indicators in such a context help to understand how to optimize those complex systems and how to avoid critical system states by indicating them as crossing a critical threshold for the indicator value.
In addition to the challenge of setting the threshold level, reactive approaches risk oscillating system state by reacting too frequently to varying node utilisation.
The state of an entity is defined by the tokens that represent the marking of the according place and the overall system state by the marking of the Petri net.
After building an augmented system state by concatenating the parameter vector and the state vector, the joint estimation of states and parameters reduces to filtering of the augmented state vector which makes SMC methods directly applicable to the problem.
That said, it is possible to extract the frequency of visiting each of the system states by a stochastic process (e.g. generated by Gillespie SSA), and eventually relate it asymptotically to the probability distribution providing the trajectory is long.
The probabilities π i(t) in the type (2.4) are updated and reassigned to the system states by the decision maker at every step t, given the history of the process.
Suppose that, for i = 1, 2,..., n - 1, we have a vector of observations y i that is related to the system state by y i = H i u(t i)) + ε i, where ε i is a Gaussian random variable with mean 0 and covariance matrix R i.
This knowledge requires epistemological recognition in the basin-wide institutional system as stated by Van Eijck and Roth (2007: 933) and Kottak (1999: 27).
