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"The focus of our entire criminal justice system has shifted away from trials and juries and adjudication to a massive system of sentence bargaining that is heavily rigged against the accused citizen," Judge Young, the chief judge of the Federal District Court in Boston, wrote in a decision reconsidering the sentences he had imposed on two defendants.
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It has also upset the balance between uniform sentencing and individualized punishment that the system of sentencing guidelines was supposed to deliver.
They say that all we really do, when we do science, is spin a great system of sentences, and although we like to think these sentences state how things are, we are wrong.
"The way it's structured," she said, "just belies the principles of openness and impartiality that are really critical to assure people that our system of sentencing is just".
So conceived, a theory can be adequately represented by more than one linguistic formulation because it is not a system of sentences or propositions.
The shift was justified by appeal, first of all, to the assumption that a scientific theory is a system of sentences or sentence like structures (propositions, statements, claims, and so on) to be tested by comparison to observational evidence.
On the other hand, a Sentencing Commission that sought a system of sentencing that was both just and necessary for public safety might enable a rethinking of penal policy less easily derailed by the established politics of punishment.
Germany's system of sentencing (15 years is the longest most people go to prison here unless they are demonstrably dangerous) and incarceration (open, sunny prisons, full of fresh air, where prisoners wear their own clothes) serves as a reference point for reflecting on the punitive mentality that has come to define the US justice system.
(See e.g. Frege (1879).) Most important for our purposes is the fact that Frege's formal systems are entirely modern in the sense that the derivability in such a system of a sentence from a set of sentences turns just on the syntactic form of those sentences.
The other is semantic holism which is the view that the unit of meaning is not the single sentence, but systems of sentences (and in some extreme cases the whole of language).
But under a complicated system of federal sentencing guidelines, he is expected to receive a sentence of far less time, even when the guilty plea is factored in.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com