For some, it is necessary to close a cardiac or extracardiac shunt using occluder (double disc system, plug, coil…): closure of atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect or patent arterial duct.
The aim of the study was to design a vectorcardiographic lead system dedicated to the analysis of atrial fibrillation (AF).
Functionally distinct conductive tissues of the heart, such as the nodes and bundles of the conduction system and atrial and ventricular myocardium, express different combinations of the three cardiac connexins and are interconnected by gap junctions in specific three-dimensional patterns that are consistent with the anisotropic conduction properties of each tissue.
Lewis lead and the newly devised modified limb lead system are useful in enhancing detection of atrial activity.
Use of a non-invasive electrocardiographic mapping system may aid in rapid diagnosis of atrial or ventricular arrhythmias or the detection of ventricular dyssynchrony.
However, apart from a recent, important report on the RyR2-R176Q heterozygotic system, there have been few studies of atrial arrhythmogenesis in genetically modified RyR2 mouse models.
It has been proposed that, because of the lack of a regular T-tubule system in atrial myocytes, differential spatial distribution of LTCCs with regard to their coupling to RyR2s may underlie a unique atrial myocyte Ca2+-signaling process.
Recent evidence has linked activity of the autonomic nervous system and atrial electrical properties with the triggering of atrial arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and flutter (Arora 2012; Lo et al. 2011; Park et al. 2012).
The condition, while not harmful in and of itself, is usually an indication of problems with the atrial conduction system and frequently results in the development of atrial fibrillation.
LMNA-related DCM is characterized by early onset of atrial fibrillation and conduction system disease, and subsequent progression to sudden cardiac death and heart failure [ 7, 8].
