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In 1975, Dr. Milstein and Dr. Georges Köhler, a postdoctoral fellow of his at Cambridge, invented a method of forcing immune system cells to produce one particular type of antibody.
Entry of HIV into the host cell also requires the participation of a set of cell-surface proteins that normally serve as receptors for chemokines (hormonelike mediators that attract immune system cells to particular sites in the body).
This switch is complex and partly mediated by cytokines: inflammatory cytokines promoting immune system cells to show their anti-cancer face while anti-inflammatory cytokines promote the pro-cancer side to dominate.
For example, T cells could be cultured outside the body for reintroduction later in the disease, or patients could be given signaling molecules called cytokines to prompt immune system cells to divide.
The sequence, called an ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif), encodes a piece of protein that can by itself signal immune system cells to multiply and go to work.
Existing immunotherapy treatments which train immune system cells to attack cancer have had some great success, but don't work on all cancers or all patients. .
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In contrast to the nearest neighbor interaction in purely physical systems, cell-to-cell communication can be actively sustained against signal degradation and communication may take place across several cells.
HIV selectively infects these immune system cells, leading to their destruction.
In a typical 3D culture system, cells cling to each other, forming spheroids that float in liquid culture media or expand into a soft matrix.
The saliva contains a protein that sops up interleukin-2 (IL-2), a protein that some immune system cells need to multiply.
In this system, cells adhere to the bottom of each well, covering the surface of the sensor that monitors cells by measuring their cell index that is translated from the electronic readout.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com