The usual procedure is to reduce the partial differential equations of motion of the continuous system to an approximate system of time-dependent ordinary differential equations of motion, which are in turn solved by numerical methods or, approximately, by perturbation procedures.
For design analysis of FRP deck/stringer bridge systems, an approximate series solution for orthotropic plates, including first-order shear deformation, is applied to develop simplified design equations, which account for load distribution factors under various loading cases.
A variational principle is established for the heat balance in a finned tube heat exchanger used in hydride hydrogen storage systems, an approximate solution is obtained, which can be used for optimal design and study on effects of various parameters on the thermal property of the heat exchanger.
In another sense, simulation is the process by which the output of a digital computing system represents an approximate description of the dynamical evolution of another system.
Linearizing the model describing a biological system is an approximate, which is only applicable to biological systems whose nonlinear effects are not very strong, but not to those working in saturation state or dead zone.
Assuming that we can describe the system in terms of a suitable potential function, this equation allows us to immediately obtain, from the system definition, an approximate analytical expression for the escape time.
Fully discretized incompressible Navier Stokes equations are solved by splitting the algebraic system with an approximate factorization.
The uncertainty is described by a weighted L2 norm about a nominal system, and an approximate adaptive design is given which ensures output practical stability.
The experimental results show that the X-ray backlight imaging system provides an approximate 75 μm spatial resolution at a 9 mm×20 mm field of view.
These changes included: (a) a shift from input controls to a quota based catch-share system; (b) an approximate four-fold increase in the level of observer coverage; and (c) introduction of a new class of trained observers.
