In particular, it is never possible to switch a majority (or minority) of a synergic group with a corresponding set of cells in the other group – because groups comprise just 2 cells (and since only 1 cell can be switched it is always 50% of a group).
Applying the same type of stimulus also to the remaining 50% of cells, in such a way that in each synergic group the cells received stimuli of different polarities (see stimulus profile, Fig. 8B), always produced switching to the IP pattern, except if applied during cells' spiking phases (Φ = 0, 0.5, 1) (Fig. 8B) where switching to another AP pattern took place (from AP 12/34 to AP 13/24).
Indeed, in each spiking phase, a pair of cells receiving stimuli of opposite polarity and belonging to different synergic groups can exchange their memberships, as described above.
Indeed, cells which receive a stimulus of the same polarity will form new synergic groups (see N1, N3 and N2, N4, Fig. 8B).
At Φ = 0.5 a switch into a new AP pattern occurs (from AP 12/34 to AP 13/24) because both stimulated cells, belonging to different synergic groups, exchange their memberships: at Φ = 0.5 the spiking cell (N4) become silent due to hyperpolarizing stimulus whereas the silent cell (N1) generates a spike in response to depolarizing stimulus.
Fascia is therefore tensioned during any kind muscular activity in any direction of movement; it transmits tensions towards the perimysium and towards synergic muscular groups.
Our findings may be explained by the fact that Nestin gene expression in the early neural tube and possibly in neural primordial cells, is driven by the synergic interaction between group B1/C Sox and Class III POU (Pit-Oct-Unc) transcription factors, binding sites for which are found on Nestin's enhancer (Tanaka et al, 2004).
Here, within each group of synergic cells consisting of 3 cells, 2 cells receive stimulus of the same polarity (see stimulus profile, Fig. 8C) and therefore are supposed to remain synergic in the resulting AP pattern.
Indeed, in both 2-cell and the 4-cell model networks, positive stimuli delivered to one group of synergic cells evoked switching to the IP behaviors when applied in the middle of the cycle (Fig. 6A1, A2).
Enzymatic digestion of cellulosic materials involves synergic action of a group of different functional enzymes [ 4, 5].
"Through the establishment of this working group, we want to create a synergic action that always puts the interests and well-being of the child into the heart of all European policies".
