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There are three different membership functions of fuzzy sets, which correspond to free flow, synchronized flow, and congested flow, respectively.
Once synchronized flow is established, the researchers found, free-flow driving resumed only when the traffic volume had dipped to about 50% of pretransition levels.
So the main objective here is to propose models that can reproduce dynamic behaviours, such as free flow, congested flow, synchronized flow, and so on.
Kerner uses three-phase traffic theory to describe traffic: free flow, synchronized flow, and wide moving jam (here, we use congested flow to represent wide moving jam).
It shows empirically that transitions from free flow to so-called synchronized flow, initiated by local disturbances at network bottlenecks, display a nucleation-type behavior: while small disturbances in free flow decay, larger ones grow further and lead to breakdowns at the bottlenecks.
Based on their observations, the duo describe three states of traffic on busy highways: "free flow," in which traffic is light enough that drivers can freely change lanes and pass other cars; "synchronized flow," in which the roads are so clogged that drivers can't pass, but can still move; and jams.
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Kerner [ 77] divided traffic flow into three phases from low to high density: 1) free flow, 2) synchronized congested flow, and 3) wide moving jam (wide jam that moves upstream).
Synchronized pulsatile flow was associated with a significant reduction in LV end-systolic volume by 6.2 mL (6.7 %), an increase in LV stroke volume by 5.0 mL (17.4 %), higher LVEF by 4.5%% (18.8 % relative), CO by 0.37 L/min (17.1 %) and mean arterial pressure by 3.0 mmHg (5.5 %) at all ECLS flow rates when compared with continuous ECLS flow (P < 0.05).
Each party maintains its own view of the information flow, and through the use of mechanisms such as acknowledgment documents, they attempt to synchronize information flow within the supply chain.
Many continuous casters contain sensors in the mold for automatically synchronizing the flow of liquid steel into the mold with the strand withdrawal speed.
UPS is the world's largest package delivery company and a global leader in supply chain services, offering an extensive range of options for synchronizing the flow of goods, information and funds.
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