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To date, hatchery protocols for pikeperch and other teleost fish often include hormone treatments (e.g., human chorionic gonadotropin, carp pituitary extract, GnRH analogs) for the induction of puberty, gonad maturation or for the synchronization of spawning (Żarski et al. 2015).
At present, V1Rs are expected to receive steroids or prostaglandins called "hormonal pheromones," which ensure the synchronization of spawning interactions (Saraiva and Korsching 2007; Johansson and Banks 2010).
This synchronization of spawning in krill is thought to reduce the predation pressure on the spawning adults and the offspring [ 46].
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During spawning the scale margins erodes, making it possible to identify years of spawning.
Induction of spawning.
Whereas the synchronization of gonadal maturation and spawning is typical for many marine animals (reviewed in Naylor 2010; Tessmar-Raible et al. 2011), experiments on these P. dumerilii laboratory cultures revealed for the first time that nocturnal light is sufficient for the synchronization of a monthly spawning cycle (Hauenschild 1954, 1955, 1956 , 1960.
Hormonal pheromones are metabolites of steroids or prostaglandins that ensure the synchronization of gamete maturation and/or spawning interactions (Stacey 2003).
Over longer periods of time, the lunar cycle provides a light cue that is thought to play a role in synchronization of reproductive events such as gametogenesis, spawning or larval release in some scleractinian coral species [11], [12].
Although the cues for the synchronization of gamete release in broadcast spawning corals are complex, our results indicate that nocturnal illumination is an important factor and that changes in the light regime surrounding corals can desynchronize the timing of gamete release.
It pursues a semi-automatic parallelization approach which allows for the augmentation of sequential code using simple compiler directives in contrast to the explicit programming model of C++11 multithreading which involves the manual spawning, joining, and synchronization of threads.
The spawning season should also be considered in the sampling process to assure the homogeneity of spawning populations and identify the spawning grounds.
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