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In this survey, we overview the relationships within the published research in terms of system model and assumptions, synchronization challenges, proposed methods, and their limitations.
For each category, we discuss the system model for synchronization, the synchronization challenges, and the state-of-the-art synchronization solutions and their limitations.
Network-on-Chip (NoC) as a promising design approach for on-chip interconnect fabrics could overcome the energy as well as synchronization challenges of the conventional interconnects in the gigascale System-on-Chips (SoC).
Considering both single-carrier and multi-carrier communication systems, we survey and categorize the timing and carrier synchronization techniques proposed for the different communication systems focusing on the system model assumptions for synchronization, the synchronization challenges, and the state-of-the-art synchronization solutions and their limitations.
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Synchronization challenge.
The synchronization challenge during the first communication phase of DF-TWRN is unlike that for DF-OWRN.
Compared to DS-CDMA, the synchronization challenge is slightly reduced in FH-CDMA, because FH-CDMA synchronization has to be within a fraction of a hop time.
The synchronization challenge for the receiver is to achieve timing and frequency synchronization with the desired signal in the presence of this interference.
The synchronization challenge during the second communication phase of DF-TWRN is similar to that described for DF-OWRN in Section 4.1.1.
The synchronization challenge during the first communication phase between the source and the relays is similar to that presented for SISO multi-carrier systems in Section 2.2.2.
The synchronization challenge of the two different UWB technologies, IR-UWB and MB-OFDM-UWB, is given in the following two subsections.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com