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This allows the receiver to be operated without time synchronization before the filter bank.
Besides the synchronization issue for quiet sensing period, spectrum synchronization before the data transmission for non-contiguous OFDM based systems is also a challenge.
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The waiting period based slot allocation is performed with the support of TDMA scheduling access scheme whereas the nodes require synchronization before data transmission in the pre-allocated time slots [29].
In the figure, first, the beacon gives the time synchronization information before the second packet carrying MO information is transmitted.
Differently from [16], where a sophisticated beat normalization procedure composed of identifying the average beat period, locating each beat, and rescaling to the average beat period is used to recover the synchronization before watermark detection, we utilize dynamic time wrapping [21] to resynchronize possibly distorted beats.
Synchronous MACs need time synchronization before data communication while asynchronous MACs such as B-MAC [10], X-MAC [11] are independent of such a requirement.
Even when the transmitters perform frequency synchronization before transmission, a residual CFO is to be expected that degrades the performance of the system due to the in-phase misalignment of the incoming streams.
In microgrid applications, synchronization before reconnection is usually accomplished by detecting the voltage magnitude, phase and frequency difference between the main grid and the microgrid [3, 4].
Latency reduction and synchronization: Before being processed, subframes need to be transported from RRHs to BBUs.
Both receivers adopt noncoherent detection algorithms and achieve good performances, but they need frequency synchronization before detection.
However, it can be seen from Figure 7d that the bandwidth of azimuth frequency is |r 0d/(r 0d - r 0)| times narrower than the one before synchronization, which verifies the analysis in the former section.
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