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Brain gene expression in scrapie-infected mice was compared to mock-infected mice at pre-symptomatic and symptomatic time points.
Although manic episodes are considered the hallmark state of bipolar I disorder, patients spend up to 4 times more symptomatic time in depressed states [ 3], and it is depression that primarily contributes to functional disability and high rates of suicide [ 4- 6].
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Muscle GCS expression at 60 days of age, an earlier pre-symptomatic time point, was similar in SOD1(G86R) and WT mice (data not shown).
Importantly, unlike other mouse models, the Smn 2B/- mouse has a prolonged pre-symptomatic time period, thus allowing analysis of the events preceding motor neuron loss in SMA.
In summary, the data presented above represent detailed transcriptional analysis on differentially vulnerable motor neurons from an SMA mouse model at a pre-symptomatic time point.
Patch-clamp recordings on astrocytes isolated from R6/2 and Q147 HD mouse indicate that the Ba2+ sensitive K+ current, i.e., the K+ current conducted by Kir channels, is significantly reduced at the symptomatic stage but not at a pre-symptomatic time.
At pre-symptomatic time-points, in addition to activating a progenitor cell population, KCl depolarization was also able to activate the previously characterized latent stem cell population, as evidenced by the formation of a number of large (>250 µm diameter) neurospheres from both WT and HD hippocampi (Fig. 3A).
In both mouse models of NCL examined, the onset of synaptic and axonal pathology was detectable at pre/early-symptomatic time-points.
By comparing the protein composition of skeletal muscle in SMA mice at a pre-symptomatic time-point with the muscle proteome at a late-symptomatic time-point we identified increased expression of both Calreticulin and GRP75/Mortalin as robust indicators of disease progression in SMA mice.
Two proteins showed consistent directional expression changes across both mouse models at these early-symptomatic time-points (Fig. 7B): voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDand) and pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (Pttg1).
Although significant differences in individual protein expression profiles existed between the two NCL models studied, 2 of the 15 proteins examined (VDAC1 and Pttg1) displayed robust and significant changes at pre/early-symptomatic time-points in both models.
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