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"This is more than a symbolic difference.
The new formula would reduce America's contribution to the general U.N. budget to 22percentt from the current level of 25percentt -- a symbolic difference of only $34 million a year.
To the extent that Irigaray is an essentialist, her view would indeed be relegated to the approach outlined here as symbolic difference feminism, as Dietz 2003 does.
The second, symbolic difference feminism, is that of what are often referred to as the French Feminists, including Irigaray, Cixous, and Kristeva.
For readers like me, who mainly read The Voice online, this news may make more of a symbolic difference than a practical one (like the newsroom's move to Wall Street a few years ago).
In her early work, Grosz (1994) follows Irigaray in positing a "pure … material difference" between the sexes; sexual difference, on this view, is not solely a symbolic difference, but a fact of materiality (i.e., understanding sexual difference is not solely an epistemological project or study of culture) (190).
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Social-difference and symbolic-difference feminisms have very little to do with each other but, Dietz argues, they share the notion that a feminist politics requires a category woman that has a determinate meaning (Dietz 2003, 403; Nicholson 1994, 100).
"Short men may exchange their breadwinner status for less housework... because a lower share of housework or a higher share of relative earnings allow short men to enact traditional gender ideals, thereby performing their masculinity in the absence of symbolic anthropomorphic differences," the researchers write in the paper.
The concept of boundary derives from theories of ethnic formation, which look at how groups form identities through the relational and symbolic construction of difference (Barth 1969; Cohen 1985).
Those of us concerned with the real impacts of global consumer culture are stuck in the territory between cynicism and tokenism, trying to think more productively about the kinds of strategies that can make a symbolic and material difference.
As mentioned before, it is possible that this difference between symbolic and non-symbolic conditions may be due to less response confidence in the non-symbolic condition that is greater for the smaller as compared to the larger distances.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com