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AM symbiosis involves a mutually beneficial nutrient exchange at symbiotic interfaces, in particular, phosphate and nitrogen translocation to the plant.
In the alga-invertebrate association, trehalose produced by the alga was shown to be present in certain symbiotic interfaces [ 92].
Unigene8905_All encoded a protein with 55% identity to class III chitinase of M. truncatula and class III chitinases were found to be expressed predominantly in the arbuscule-containing cells [ 14, 56], where they may suppress plant defense by the reduction of chitin-like elicitors during the formation of functional symbiotic interfaces [ 57].
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Through the merging of conceptual approaches that relate to Critical Zone science and the dynamics of successional climax PURE serves at the symbiotic interface between rural/natural and urban ecosystems and allow re-coupling of resource flows.
AgDCAT1 localized at the symbiotic interface was a dicarboxylates transporter in Alnus glutinosa and the mRNA of AgDCAT1 was only detected in the nodules [ 33].
PAM development marks the appearance of the symbiotic interface, the narrow intracellular compartment that allows AM fungi to grow inside the plant cell without breaking its integrity.
But so far, high-resolution methods to determine metabolite changes in cells which are directly associated with the symbiotic interface are missing.
As mentioned above, we previously discovered that some duplicate nutrient amino acid transporters (including some slimfast paralogs) are highly enriched in bacteriocytes, leading us to hypothesize that these transporters mediate nutrient exchange across the A. pisum/ Buchnera symbiotic interface [ 9].
The distribution of multigene family expansions on the phylogeny depends strongly on the method used to infer evolution, and has the potential to complement gene expression analyses that suggest parallel evolution of amino acid transporter recruitment to the symbiotic interface.
The formation of the symbiotic interface requires the fungus to communicate with the plant immune system, and the fungus may use tools comparable to host recognition mechanisms used by pathogens.
Since sternorrhynchan endosymbiotic bacteria have few, if any, amino acid transporters in their genomes [ 37, 38], transport at the symbiotic interface must operate via host genome encoded amino acid transporters.
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