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Surprisingly, the symbiotic accessory genome was found to be highly variable, including about 21% of all the symbiotic orthologs considered.
We can then expect that different symbiotic phenotypes shown by S. meliloti strains may be indeed due to such high variability in the symbiotic accessory genome.
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These genes were also found as members of the accessory genome relevant for symbiotic interactions in S. meliloti [ 6].
The analysis of the global transcriptional alterations following a sudden exposure to high-temperature conditions in M. loti MAFF303099 will contribute to a better understanding of the general stress response, in particular in symbiotic bacteria with multiple replicons and large accessory genome.
Together, these approaches allowed us to find a genomic interpretation to the phenotypic differences and to define a set of accessory genetic factors related to the symbiotic process.
For instance, multilocus sequencing (MLS) now allows the estimation of genetic relatedness among microorganisms for both housekeeping genes and accessory genes such as virulence or symbiotic determinants [ 1].
Therefore we focused on genes, present in accessory genome, which were linked with the symbiotic process, using all literature and database data available.
By using the strategy described above, we identified, among the accessory genes, those that have been implicated in the symbiotic process in rhizobia through experimental work.
In addition to the chromosome and the expected symbiotic plasmids pRmeGR4c (pSymA) and pRmeGR4d (pSymB), S. meliloti strain GR4 harbors two accessory plasmids, pRmeGR4a and pRmeGR4b (Martinez-Abarca et al., 2013).
Consequently, the content of the accessory genome in the different strains can explain the differences in the symbiotic phenotype.
Moreover, several variable genes related to symbiotic diversity were clearly identified and their occurrence and putative regulation in the core and accessory genome was investigated.
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