This switch, termed state transitions, involves the reversible phosphorylation of the mobile chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins, which is regulated by the redox state of the plastoquinone mediating electron transfer between photosystem I and photosystem II [ 19].
A novel extended state observer, which feeds back the output estimation error via both nonlinear and switching terms, is put forward for the first time in this paper.
Let us observe that when one adds the third equation and the fourth one of either (3) or (4), results are the same (switching terms cancel out).
The control consists of a non-linear feedback part and a switching term inspired by robust sliding control concepts.
The switching term of the output estimation error is employed to counteract the adverse effect of external disturbance.
This observer is basically the conventional Luenberger observer with an additional switching term used to guarantee the robustness against modeling errors.
A sliding mode control (SMC) scheme is proposed to conquer the quantization effect by introducing the bound of quantization error into the switching term of the SMC.
The proposed scheme composed of an Adaptive Fuzzy Wavelet Neural Controller (AFWNC) to construct equivalent control term and an Adaptive Proportional-Integral (A-PI) controller for implementing switching term to provide smooth control input.
A switched composite parameter estimator is designed with the help of two layers of low pass filters, where the first layer obviates the need for state derivative knowledge and the second layer along with the switching term in the estimator relaxes the PE condition.
Control action is composed by three parts: a predictive one from an optimization problem, a discontinuous one given by the switching term and finally, a feed-forward action given by an insulin bolus that is injected when a meal is ingested.
