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Using this technique, the team can briefly switch expression of the protein on or off so that it tags only those cells involved in encoding specific memories.
Given that cones switch expression from the S to L opsin in some species during early postnatal development (for review, see [63]), it cannot be currently excluded that the S cone dominance is a mere consequence of arrested cone development.
Knowing that many molecules "switch" expression (i.e. high to low, or vice versa) in the transition from crypts to villi [19], the microarray datasets for these two biological compartments were tested separately.
The pseudogenes still kept the coding sequence, indicating that it is not only the recent occurrence of events but also the possibility of reverse mutation for on-off switch expression of a gene or a partial structure of protein that could lose some functional domain if the framshifts just occurred before the domain of genes.
Initial pulses of LacI inducer IPTG or TetR inducer aTc allowed us to switch expression into either one of the two stable steady states.
The latter type of change has been studied in animal pathogens that switch expression of colonization and invasion functions when changing hosts [ 3].
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Only one is expressed at a time, and switching expression from one gene to another occurs by an epigenetic mechanism.
Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the switched expression of members of species-specific gene families, which encode proteins exported into the cytoplasm and onto the surface of infected erythrocytes.
By spontaneously switching expression at a single expression locus by gene conversion from silent genes RF spirochetes evade antibody-mediated clearance [2].
Switching expression of var genes is often accompanied by differences in the binding phenotype, allowing the parasite to escape the host's immune response.
Among the components of such downstream signal transduction network we identified 12 proteins whose genes switched expression in the transgenic-tumor transition (transgenic fold change < tumor fold change).
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