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Are the changes in activation of corticobulbar pathways predictive of the changes in swallowing behavior?
Taste is a property that is thought to potentially modulate swallowing behavior.
Swallowing behavior is initiated more quickly when drinking water while viewing photographs of food than photographs of common items [ 3, 4].
The influence of taste on swallowing behavior is not well understood, although several studies in the literature point to the possibility that particular taste stimuli may have the potential to improve swallowing function in individuals with dysphagia.
The hypofunction of swallowing [ 7– 9, 15– 18] and/or decreased taste and smell perception [ 19– 24], with which elderly participants may suffer, may accelerate confusion in beverage recognition when inappropriate auditory verbal cues are given, thus altering swallowing behavior.
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Only one study has explored the relationship between taste stimulus palatability and swallowing behaviors, measured in the form of tongue-palate pressures [ 3] and found no effect.
With the exception of the Pelletier and Dhanaraj study [ 3], we are not aware of prior studies in which both sour and salty stimuli have been studied together, and hence this study opens the door to exploration of taste stimuli beyond sour in terms of the influence of taste quality on swallowing behaviors.
Self-medication via social learning is exemplified by wild chimpanzees, which can learn from other individuals' leaf-swallowing behavior to alleviate infection by intestinal nematodes [39].
For example, chimpanzees with high intestinal loads of parasitic worms engage in distinctive leaf-swallowing behavior, which is rarely exhibited by healthy chimps [8], [14].
Since the original studies of wild chimpanzees exhibiting this rare behavior, evidence has accumulated indicating that all closely observed populations of great apes engage in leaf-swallowing behavior, each population using locally available and chemically disparate plant species with rough, hispid leaves [4], [5].
"Their behavior of swallowing food whole, and their tongue structure and function, suggest that penguins need no taste perception," said Zhang, "although it is unclear whether these traits are a cause or a consequence of their major taste loss".
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