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Mathematical modeling of receptor activation based upon our biophysical studies shows that ligand pulses are "buffered" at low receptor levels, leading to a sustained signal.
This sustained signal was found to correspond to residence in the cytoplasm.
We show that we can also train a system for the appearance of a transient response to a sustained signal.
The assay conditions for Nluc (see Methods for buffer composition) were optimized for high luminescence intensity, sustained signal duration, and good working stability under typical laboratory conditions.
In PC12 cells it has been proposed that transient activation precludes nuclear translocation of ERK2, which occurs with a sustained signal [ 42, 43].
The deterministic models have been useful in showing that sustained oscillations can be produced in a system where there is at least one negative feedback loop with a delay, and a sustained signal.
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Results revealed several regions, including a region in the right lateral inferior frontal gyrus, that exhibited opposing developmental trajectories in sustained and transient signals in particular, decreased sustained signals and increased transient signals with age.
Another feature of the induction of the extension process is its requirement for sustained stimulation, suggesting the need for sustained signaling activities, such as ERK, PI3K or other molecules.
Alternatively, the reduced proteolysis rate in a disturbed endolysosomal pathway might increase the time of transit of receptors in signaling-competent endosomes, leading to sustained signaling.
Sustained signaling requires constant supply of antigen-binding T cell receptors to the immunological synapse.
However, it has been demonstrated that some GPCRs activate G proteins from within internalized cellular compartments, resulting in sustained signaling.
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