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Statistical analysis of the time series gene expression responses identified 259 genes with lower and 144 genes with higher expression in cells treated with gastrin in transient versus sustained mode (Additional file 1: Table S1).
The heat map further illustrates that differences in gene expression between cells treated in the transient and sustained mode were subtle at 1.5 h and 2 h, while substantial differences were apparent at time points after 2 h.
The anti-apoptotic effect of gastrin is well documented [ 24- 27], and it is therefore of interest to take a closer look at the relation to apoptosis among the genes differentially regulated in the transient versus sustained mode.
After 1 h, the medium was again replenished and gastrin added to cells treated in the sustained mode.
However, their mRNA levels returned to baseline earlier in cells treated in a transient versus a sustained mode.
As fish mature to swimming stages, IC cells switch to a sustained mode of bursting that permits generation of high-frequency oscillations during locomotion.
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The PHBV-TPGS combination causes the drug to be released in controlled and sustained modes, thereby reducing drug dose and toxicity.
Taken together, our results indicate that the distinct mRNA expression patterns in cells treated in transient and sustained modes are, at least in part, linked to the duration of ERK1/2 activation and expression of the AP-1 components like JUNB as well as the ATF subfamily proteins ATF4 and ATF3 for which the mRNA expression levels are prolonged only in the sustained mode.
On the other hand, PHEVs offer the possibility of on-board battery charging and the option of charge depleting or charge sustaining modes of operation.
Aside from charge sustaining modes of operation, the battery capacity is completely used first, and then the fuel is consumed.
The sustained compression mode provides automatic pressure adjustment every 30 minutes, ensuring pressure consistency regardless of leg volume changes and environmental influences.
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