Comparing Figure 1 (Figure 3) and Figure 2 (Figure 4), we find that the stochastic factors, such as the variation of environment, may cause sustained fluctuation for the microorganism, but the microorganism will also be persistent in the turbidostat because system (1.1) has a stationary distribution described in Theorem 3.2.
Although sustained coevolutionary fluctuations can occur at high virulence costs (cP), it is also possible for static, single resistance equilibria to occur, and this tendency increases as cP increases (Fig 2C).
The predictions are most sensitive to the choice of isolator inflow boundary condition, with the use of a recycling / rescaling technique to sustain turbulent fluctuations resulting in an 'over-mixing' effect immediately downstream of the fuel injector.
This simple model has been extended to multilocus models [4], [5], where costs can prevent the occurrence of generalist parasites ('super-races') that infect all host genotypes, resulting in the occurrence of sustained, potentially chaotic fluctuations in host and parasite genotypes [5].
Circadian rhythms refer to self-sustained fluctuations with a period of approximately (circa) 1 day (diem) in various physiological processes.
Worryingly, over the past decade many African countries have increased, rather than reduced, their reliance on primary commodities, whose notoriously large price fluctuations make sustained growth difficult.
If you can find a consistent relationship between these fluctuations and sustained economic performance, you're more creative than I am.
Wide fluctuations or sustained negative cash flows are an indicator of trouble.
Periodicity corresponds to biological fluctuations or sustained oscillations that are found in most physiological systems.
Results demonstrated that intermittent redox fluctuations allowed sustained denitrification and episodic nitrification, whereas significant denitrification and both nitrification and denitrification were absent after ~ 5 10 days from continuously oxidized and anoxic zones respectively.
