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Ascospores probably function as the primary survival structure, as well as the primary inoculum for root infection [ 2, 3].
The identified gene products could therefore potentially represent new targets for disease control through prevention of survival structure development.
These processes include events likely to contibute to coeliac pathology, such as altered cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, structure and transport.
"Many of the children who fight in these armies join because their parents have been killed, and they have no alternative survival structure," she said.
The microsclerotia of V. dahliae have been considered important targets for disease control [ 10, 11], and gene products identified in this study could potentially represent new targets for disease control through prevention of survival structure development.
The transition from vegetative (hyphal) growth to survival structure formation is expected to involve external and internal signals (morphogenetic triggers), as well as developmental reprogramming of molecular pathways that direct cell division, growth, and death.
The developmental reprogramming from the normal growth state to survival structure (MS) formation is expected to involve external and internal signals (morphogenetic triggers) as well as unique cell signaling pathway(s), all of which are yet to be identified and elucidated.
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Verticillium dahliae produces melanized survival structures, microsclerotia, that are able to survive in the soil for at least 10 years [ 2, 3].
The fungus can also form seed-like structures called microsclerotia, long-lived survival structures of clusters of melanized cells with thick walls, which survive in the soil without a host plant or in association with plant material for up to 20 years [ 23, 24].
Today, available fungicides to control Rhizoctonia diseases are limited, and fungicide spraying may prevent symptoms but does not kill the survival structures.
However, the majority of reported strains were only able to antagonise hyphae of the pathogen and not the survival structures (Marcello et al., 2010).
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