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In this context, it is known that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/AKT /mammalian is a target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which regulates several signaling pathways like cell survival control, apoptosis, proliferation, motility, and adhesion (Xie et al. 2016).
However, major problems like cell survival, control of differentiation and engraftment remain and may be overcome using a tissue engineering strategy, which provides a 3D support to grafted cells improving their survival.
A large number of publications have reported the importance of Akt signaling on cellular proliferation, metabolism and survival control under nutritional stress [25], [26].
To confirm the role of N-cadherin in the control of osteoblast survival, control (Flag) cells were treated with si-N-cadherin or a non-relevant si-RNA and cell survival was determined in serum deprived conditions.
Human embryonic neural progenitors (hENPs) are predetermined to differentiate into neural lineages (for review see [11]) but gene modification prior to their transplantation may enhance their survival, control their differentiation and deliver transgene products.
After survival (Control 32-33d; Experimenthe 40-61d), the animals were deeply anesthetized with a Euthanasia solution (IP; 40 mg/kg) and perfused through the heart using a peristaltic pump first with PBS with 0.25% procaine, and then with a fixative of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB; pH 7.3).
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Figure 4 shows survival rates for infected but untreated mice (survival controls), infected and treated mice (experimental group), and non-infected but treated mice (toxicity controls).
The tolerant animals had 100% survival, controls had zero survival.
Cox regression was used to evaluate the association between PS and survival controlling for covariates.
A linear mixed-effects model was applied for survival controlling for time and agency.
Wells in the last two columns served as blanks (medium only), and 100% survival controls (cells and medium only).
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