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Since the animals are frequently infected latently with no or low seropositivity, a DNA based diagnostic method would be useful for surveys and detection of these viruses.
Serologic surveys and detection of OPV DNA by PCR have indicated that wild rodents and shrews are likely reservoir hosts of cowpox virus in western Europe (19 – 23 ), although infectious virus has never been isolated from these animals.
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Despite the advances in high throughput sequencing, however, it is impractical as a front-end detector in a routine survey and detection setting.
Population estimates deviated from normality when the survey proportion and detection probability were low but otherwise appeared substantially normally distributed.
We found that coverage probability was lowest when the survey proportion and detection probability was 25% and also for the HC population.
For example, for the HC population of 751 birds, with 25% of the area surveyed and a detection probability of 70%, DO population estimates ranged from 411 to 1,143 birds, whereas for the corresponding LC population the estimates ranged from 622 to 918 birds.
Recently, evidence for the existence of SFG rickettsiosis has been provided by serologic survey and DNA detection in South Korea (3 – 5 ).
The effect of the intervention was estimated by monitoring malaria incidence and prevalence through an extensive surveillance system combining bi-annual cross-sectional surveys and passive case detection at village level.
Cultures were surveyed for 4 weeks and detection of bacteria growth was assessed every 7 days on coverslips directly inside the shell vial by using Gimenez and immunofluorescence staining.
However, landslide detection based on field surveys and optical remote sensing and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques remains difficult owing to the dense vegetation cover and mountain shadow.
Phloem and air temperatures, MPB spatial impact data from USDA Forest Service aerial detection surveys, and remotely sensed host tree density data were used to parameterize the model using a maximum likelihood approach.
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