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Many thanks go also to Dr Kylie Lee for extensive comments on survey wording and presentation.
Differences in survey wording appear to reduce disparities by reducing reporting bias associated with minority status [ 21].
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Participants' performance on 3 reasoning trials – 1 emotionally neutral (beads) and 2 emotionally salient (self-referred survey words) – was then assessed; the number of stimuli participants requested before making a decision was evaluated to determine if the Jumping to Conclusions Discussion resulted in increased data gathering.
Several other items – from shorter survey word length to the use of a personalised cover letter – were also demonstrated to help.
Third, paying attention to details such as shorter survey word length and stamped returned postage vs business reply envelope may be important.
Other factors that may have a positive effect included shorter survey word length (Jepson et al, 2005) and inclusion of a stamped return envelope vs a business return envelope (Streiff et al, 2001).
This table reports survey question wording for questions pertaining to employer-sponsored health insurance access, survey question universe for these questions, and the proportion of the analysis sample drawn from the NLSY79 that reports access to employer-sponsored health insurance by NLSY79 round based on author's calculations of the NLSY79.
The sexual orientation question in the 1999 survey was worded: "What is your sexual orientation?" The response categories were: (1) "heterosexual ("straight")"; (2) "homosexual (gay, lesbian)"; and (3) "other".
University of Venice linguist Guglielmo Cinque recounted an odyssey in which he and his students surveyed word order and meaning in some 500 languages and dialects.
Though you can set these up yourself, it would be beneficial to hire a marketing research firm to help you structure the surveys, word questions carefully, and engage with focus groups in an effective way.
Physician surveys differed in wording from nursing/physical therapy surveys (Additional file 1).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com