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A complicating factor is that solutions and cell interiors with the same water activity can have different vitrification tendencies due to different solute composition so that cells may escape ice formation even if surrounding solution does not.
Electron-exchange resins accept or donate electrons to the surrounding solution and are used in oxidation-reduction reactions; examples include polymers prepared from hydroquinone, phenol, and formaldehyde.
The more strongly hydrated ions migrate to where there is more water that is, out of the resin and into the surrounding solution.
Heteropolymer gels can be engineered to release specific molecules into or absorb molecules from a surrounding solution.
In addition, we further demonstrate that ion composition and pH of the surrounding solution environment can significantly influence mineral stability.
A vast number of biochemical reactions are catalysed by molecules fixed to the surface of membranes (or other biological structures) with molecules in the surrounding solution.
Imprints from cells and μm thin cell extensions were visualized when altering pH of the surrounding solution.
The properties of surfactant and the interaction of surfactant with metal or metal oxide and the surrounding solution environments determine the level of adsorption and corrosion inhibition.
The two forms are readily interconvertible and the equilibrium between them is determined by the pH and ionic strength of the surrounding solution.
The influences of several physical parameters, such as the applied voltage, initial fixed charge density and ionic concentration of surrounding solution, are examined and discussed in detail.
Each sensor would be attached to a binding molecule such as an antibody, which would pick the molecule of interest from the surrounding solution so that it could be weighed.
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