Fluids trapped in the pores of rocks during metamorphism exert pressure on the surrounding grains.
These films have lower fracture toughness than the surrounding grains, with a correspondingly lower fracture stress.
It is also significantly influenced by the interaction with one or several of the surrounding grains.
Island grains isolated within the abnormal grains also showed no indication of special orientation relationships with their surrounding grains.
The mesoscopic stress and strain distributions within a short fiber are critically dependent on local evolution of elastic anisotropy of surrounding grains.
Heating the grains solves this problem, but it's been difficult to heat an area small enough to keep surrounding grains from being affected; no conventional lens can focus laser light onto such a tiny spot.
Cross-sectional observation showed that these strains are affected by two kinds of constraints from surrounding grains and surface oxide layers.
Experimental observations revealed that the hillocks grow against the surrounding grains in four stages: the incubation, the jump start, the deceleration, and the final stabilization.
