Recovery time could be used in littoral waters as a surrogate of water quality indicators, to establish efficient monitoring programs, to define and characterize modified water bodies or to improve the design of marine infrastructures.
Given the limited data available, we included all layers that might provide useful surrogates, such as percent tree cover and solar radiation coverages as possible surrogates or partial surrogates for water temperature.
This work confirms that carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) can be used as a surrogate for water use efficiency in crop selection.
Despite previous evidence suggesting a potential role of threonine side chains in anion selectivity, the hydroxyl group is not a good surrogate of water for coordinating these ions.
No single MR characteristic can be used as a surrogate for water content in the immature rat model of hydrocephalus.
In order to monitor the reaction by NMR spectroscopy, (C^N^C AuOH (11) was used as a surrogate for water; in which case the WGS product would be (C^N^C Au H (12) instead of H2, which of course has an easily recognisable NMR signature.
We explored spatial and temporal variability mostly using surface-measured features (e.g. eddies detected using SSH) and seafloor features (e.g. shelf break) as surrogates for water column processes.
MR characteristics cannot be used as direct surrogates for water content in the immature rat model of hydrocephalus, probably because they are also influenced by other changes in tissue composition that occur during brain maturation.
Precipitation and temperature are the basic components of climatic axis of species niche and are frequently used as surrogates of water and energy availability, which are considered the main drivers of species distributions at macroscales [ 25].
Static water surrogate surfaces (SWSS) containing deionized (DI), acidified water, or salt solutions, and a knife-edge surrogate surface (KSS) using quartz fiber filters (QFF), KCl-coated QFF and gold-coated QFF were evaluated as a means to directly measure mercury (Hg) dry deposition.
