Our findings indicate that surrogate tissue for measurement of telomere length of TVF includes FVF, bone marrow, skin, and aorta.
For application as biomarkers of course, miRNA candidates must be detectable in surrogate tissue and availability of samples has to be ensured especially in tuberculosis endemic countries.
This review summarizes recent surrogate tissue studies for identification of miRNA biomarker candidates in human tuberculosis with a special focus on reproducibility and conformance.
A different group used the proximal end of discarded extremities after below-the-knee amputations to serve as a surrogate tissue for catheter fixation [33].
Therefore, although miR-223 likely plays an important role in host immunity against TB, it may not qualify as a biomarker in surrogate tissue.
In conclusion, several data- or hypothesis-driven studies have been performed to identify miRNAs as surrogate tissue biomarkers in peripheral blood but highly promising candidates have not been identified.
In order to understand the role of telomere length in cancer etiology, most epidemiologic studies have measured average telomere length of peripheral blood or buccal cell DNA as a surrogate tissue biomarker of telomere dysfunction and cancer risk.
In this review, we delineate the challenges faced in the design of epigenetic epidemiology studies in cancer, including the suitability of blood as a surrogate tissue and the capture of genome-wide DNA methylation.
This type of molecular analysis may have to move to surrogate tissue in the airways including the histologically normal airway epithelium.
The use of surrogate tissue resources including tumor cell lines for the early discovery phases in melanoma, as used in this study, will undoubtedly allow for the conservation of precious tissue specimens for use in more advanced validation studies.
The simplicity and ease of collection has also made peripheral blood an attractive surrogate tissue for the discovery of biomarkers of hematologic diseases and a wide range of nonhematologic disorders.
