Moreover, the merely use of clutch size as a surrogate for sibling competition is debatable.
Because we have not a priori expectation on the specific surrogate of sibling competition that could better explain interspecific variation in nestling conspicuousness we used Akaike's information criterion (AIC) [57] for model selection.
Additionally, we assessed top models (lowest AIC scores) with and without (a) fresh sign density of the other bear species as a surrogate for interspecific competition, and (b) forest type as a categorical predictor (combining MEF and SEF as evergreen forest).
In a previous study (Coomes and Allen [2007]) and (Seifert et al. [2011]) used local basal area to describe crowding as a surrogate for below ground competition because a) it also includes the trees that are smaller than the reference tree and b) the circle of influence is not too big, so that close neighbours exert the crowding effect.
A measure of competition is a surrogate for the ability of a tree to compete for scarce resources, such as light, water, and nutrients.
If reporters are banned from a country, big outfits can turn to clandestine or surrogate newsgathering.A bigger problem for them is competition.
We investigate the performance of the pricing scheme in a duopoly and show that under certain conditions the competition results in peering of the surrogates.
In surrogate planning, a different kind of negotiated order, provider competition and financial incentives and penalties dominate.
This result highlights how individual replicative ability is very much distinct from fitness in competition and, therefore, how misleading using such measures as a surrogate for viral fitness can be.
The comparison exposes and contrasts two basic generic modes of commissioning: 1. Surrogate planning (English NHS), in which a negotiated order involving micro-commissioning, provider competition, financial incentives and penalties are the dominant media of commissioner power over providers.
While he has denied any intention to run again, a GOP operative claims that Fossella and his surrogates have been trying to keep people from supporting his would-be competition Michael Grimm.
