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Depending on the surrogate characteristics, functional assays to isolate hepatic CSCs have been developed, including side population approach, ALDEFLUOR-approach, sphere formation, and asymmetric division [ 60, 61].
We defined patients with risk factor clustering using metabolic syndrome (MetS) characteristics defined by NCEP-ATPIII criteria; if missing, we used surrogate characteristics, and validated this approach by directly measuring risk factors in a subset of 154 patients.
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From the variety of normal proteins comprising MBM, a specific protein was chosen to serve as a prion surrogate based on characteristics including size, solubility, distribution and abundance.
While previous studies have shown associations between anthropogenic change and pathogen presence, results show that poorer economic conditions may act as a direct surrogate for environmental characteristics related to WNV prevalence.
It should also be noted that participants using GC had a high absolute risk of the CV outcomes and, owing to the lack of direct information on individual patient characteristics, surrogate indices were applied to control for confounding by indication.
The most popular surrogates are secretion characteristics, visual observation of condensate in tubing system, and requirement for saline instillation.
Some of the factors identified, such as dementia, could represent surrogates for other characteristics about which we lacked data.
The wide availability and cheap cost of surrogates are two characteristics of these substances that should be tackled in interventions.
Narrative reports were used to obtain the patients' medications, and the structured ICD-9 diagnosis codes were used to detect ADR events; these codes also served as surrogates of patient characteristics for confounding adjustment analysis.
Menstrual characteristics are surrogate markers that may reflect a woman's overall exposure to and production of endogenous hormones.
Asking for withdrawal could just be a surrogate for other unmeasured characteristics or risk management strategies of men at increased risk for HIV.
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